基于网络药理学和分子对接探讨补肾活血方治疗尿酸性肾病的作用机制＊

目的 基于网络药理学和分子对接技术探讨补肾活血方治疗尿酸性肾病（uric acid nephropathy， UAN）的分子作用机制。方法 采用中药系统药理学数据库TCMSP筛选出补肾活血方的有效活性成分。通过PubChem、DrugBank、SymMap和SwissTargetPrediction数据库筛选出中药各成分作用靶点。借助GeneCards、DisGenet、malaCards和OMIN数据库获取尿酸性肾病的靶点基因。David绘图工具筛选出中药与疾病的交集靶点，利用Cytoscape3.9.0软件构建“中药-活性成分-疾病-靶点”网络关系图，并通过CytoNCA插件构建蛋白质相互作用网络（PPI），筛选得到核心靶点蛋白。采用AutoDock Vina 1.1.2软件将补肾活血方关键有效成分和核心靶点进行分子对接。最后运用乙胺丁醇和腺嘌呤诱导的尿酸性肾病模型对网络药理学预测的结果进行基础实验验证。结果 本研究共筛选得到补肾活血方治疗UAN的作用靶点234个，其中核心靶点19个，对应5种中药的113种有效成分。GO富集分析共得到925条基因功能信息，KEGG富集分析发现112条信号通路，涉及Toll样受体、NF-κB、PI3K-Akt、p53、TNF等信号通路治疗尿酸性肾病。分子对接结果显示，双脱甲氧基姜黄素、异黄酮等关键活性成分与ALB、MMP9、TLR4等关键核心靶点有较好的结合活性。动物实验结果显示，与模型组相比，补肾活血方组、非布司他组大鼠肾组织TLR4和NF-κB蛋白表达量和血清MMP-9水平明显降低（P<0.05）；血清ALB水平明升高（P<0.05）。结论 本研究提示，补肾活血方中关键活性成分可能通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路降低TLR4、NF-κB和MMP-9水平，减轻炎症反应，进而减少ALB漏出，发挥保护肾脏治疗尿酸性肾病的作用。     

Sickle cell nephropathy: A review of novel biomarkers and their potential roles in early detection of renal involvement

Whether the underlying mutations are homozygous, heterozygous, or co-inherited with other hemoglobinopathies, sickle cell disease is known to afflict the kidneys, leading to the clinical entity known as sickle cell nephropathy (SCN). Although common, SCN remains diagnostically elusive. Conventional studies performed in the context of renal disorders often fail to detect early stage SCN. This makes the quest for early diagnosis and treatment more challenging, and it increases the burden of chronic kidney disease-related morbidity among patients. Novel diagnostic tools have been employed to overcome this limitation. In this study, we discuss various biomarkers of SCN, including those employed in clinical practice and others recently identified in experimental settings, such as markers of vascular injury, endothelial dysfunction, tubulo-glomerular damage, and oxidative stress. These include kidney injury molecule-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, N-acetyl-B-D-glucosaminidase, ceruloplasmin, orosomucoid, nephrin, and cation channels, among others. Furthermore, we explore the potential of novel biomarkers for refining diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and describe some obstacles that still need to be overcome. We highlight the importance of a collaborative approach to standardize the use of promising new biomarkers. Finally, we outline the limitations of conventional markers of renal damage as extensions of the pathogenic process occurring at the level of the organ and its functional subunits, with a discussion of the expected pattern of clinical and biochemical progression among patients with SCN.     

泄浊消癥法治疗晚期糖尿病肾脏病的临床研究

背景 糖尿病肾脏病（DKD）的发病率逐年升高，已成为全世界终末期肾病的主要病因。然而DKD起病隐匿，进入临床蛋白尿期后进展迅速，当肾功能明显受损后，常规治疗难以延缓疾病进展。因此，探究能够延缓晚期DKD疾病进展的切实有效的治疗方法是亟待解决的临床问题。王耀献教授针对DKD晚期浊毒与癥瘕为主的病机特点，提出泄浊消癥法治疗晚期DKD，在临床实践中取得了良好疗效。 目的 以"伏热"理论和"肾络癥瘕"理论为基础，探讨泄浊消癥法治疗晚期DKD的临床疗效。 方法 采用基于真实世界的前瞻性队列研究设计，2016—2020年，于北京中医药大学东直门医院、中国中医科学院广安门医院、首都医科大学附属北京中医医院、中国中医科学院望京医院、中国中医科学院西苑医院、北京市中西医结合医院、北京市房山区中医医院就诊并符合本课题纳入标准的DKD患者为研究对象，以泄浊消癥法作为暴露因素，分为对照组和试验组。对照组予西医基础治疗，试验组在西医基础治疗的基础上联合泄浊消癥法治疗。观察周期为24周，分别于0、4、12、24周时检测两组血肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（BUN）、24小时尿蛋白定量（24 hUTP）、总胆固醇（TC），计算估算肾小球滤过率（eGFR），记录中医症状积分；于0、12、24周时检测两组糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）。记录试验期间记录不良事件，评价安全性。 结果 本研究共59例患者完成试验，其中试验组36例、对照组23例。时间对两组受试者eGFR、Scr、BUN水平主效应显著（P<0.05）。组间与时间对两组受试者中医症状积分变化存在交互作用（P<0.05）。组内比较发现，相较于0周，对照组在24周时Scr水平、中医症状积分升高，在12周和24周时BUN水平升高（P<0.05）；相较于0周，试验组在4周时eGFR水平升高（P<0.05）。组间比较发现，24周时试验组eGFR水平高于对照组，Scr、BUN水平和中医症状积分低于对照组（P<0.05）。对照组不良事件发生率为21.74%（5/23），试验组不良事件发生率为8.33%（3/36），两组间不良事件发生率比较，差异无统计学意义（χ2=2.15，P=0.14）。 结论 在晚期DKD治疗中，泄浊消癥法联合西医常规治疗相较于单纯西医常规治疗在延缓eGFR降低，减缓Scr、BUN水平升高，保护肾脏功能，降低热证积分，改善中医症状方面具有优势，能够提高临床疗效。     

More studies are necessary to establish the effectiveness of Jinhuang powder in the treatment of diabetic foot

Diabetes mellitus is a common global public health problem that can cause serious illness and premature death. Diabetic foot ulcer, one of the complications of diabetes, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and is associated with many other devastating complications. Previous study found that a group of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can be used for treating diabetic foot ulcers. More and more attention is being paid to the use of Chinese medicine to heal diabetic feet. Under the guidance of relevant theories of traditional Chinese medicine, more studies are needed to reveal the key active components and related signal pathways of TCM in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer. One clinical study explored the treatment of diabetic foot with infection combined moist exposed burn ointment with Jinhuang powder. However, large-scale multi-center, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials and animal studies are necessary to establish the effectiveness of Jinhuang powder in the treatment of diabetic foot.     

水化护理对急性冠脉综合征介入诊疗患者造影剂肾病的影响

目的 探讨水化护理对急性冠脉综合征（ACS）介入诊疗患者造影剂肾病（CIN）的预防效果。方法 采用回顾性的研究方法,选择2013年1～12月在厦门市某心脏专科医院心内CCU行CAG和PCI的ACS患者,分析造影剂肾病的发病率、水化护理对CIN效果的影响及CIN的危险因素。结果 366例ACS患者的CIN发病率为6.3%,经logistic回归分析发现,eGFR（OR=1.036,95%CI为1.019～1.053,P=0.000）,使用IABP（OR=6.371,95%CI为1.452～27.949,P=0.014）是CIN的危险因素;术前水化量和水化时间与Scr（血清肌酐值）的变化无关（F=1.635,P=0.182）。结论 充分的水化是预防CIN的关键,术前对发生CIN危险因素充分评估,术后早期尿量观察,是预防和早期发现CIN的关键。     

Protective effect of a direct renin inhibitor in acute murine model of cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity

This study aimed to investigate the possible protective effects of aliskiren against doxorubicin (DXR)‐induced cardiorenal injury and to identify the mechanisms involved. Intraperitoneal administration of DXR (15 mg/kg, body weight, as a single dose) caused significant induction in the levels of angiotensin I, caspase‐3, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde (MDA), urea, and creatinine. Concomitant decline in the levels of albumin and total protein in plasma, reduction in reduced glutathione (GSH), and antiperoxidative enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels followed by ultrastructural alterations in the myocardial and renal tissues were also observed. Oral administration of aliskiren (100 mg/kg, for a period of 14 days) significantly prevented all these DXR‐induced adverse effects and maintained the rats near to normal status. However, telmisartan (10 mg/kg) pretreatment has shown slight protection in DXR‐induced renal injury as evidenced by broadening of podocyte foot process and narrowing of slit pore diameter. The results of aliskiren were compared with telmisartan which was used as reference in this study. These results suggested that aliskiren has protective effects against acute model of DXR‐induced cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, implying that plasma renin activity plays a role in DXR‐induced cardio‐renal injury.     

Potential of Oncostatin M to accelerate diabetic wound healing

Oncostatin M (OSM) is a multifunctional cytokine found in a variety of pathologic conditions, which leads to excessive collagen deposition. Current studies demonstrate that OSM is also a mitogen for fibroblasts and has an anti‐inflammatory action. It was therefore hypothesised that OSM may play an important role in healing of chronic wounds that usually involve decreased fibroblast function and persist in the inflammatory stage for a long time. In a previous in vitro study, the authors showed that OSM increased wound healing activities of diabetic dermal fibroblasts. However, wound healing in vivo is a complex process involving multiple factors. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of OSM on diabetic wound healing in vivo. Five diabetic mice were used in this study. Four full‐thickness round wounds were created on the back of each mouse (total 20 wounds). OSM was applied on the two left‐side wounds (n = 10) and phosphate‐buffered saline was applied on the two right‐side wounds (n = 10). After 10 days, unhealed wound areas of the OSM and control groups were compared using the stereoimage optical topometer system. Also, epithelialisation, wound contraction and reduction in wound volume in each group were compared. The OSM‐treated group showed superior results in all of the tested parameters. In particular, the unhealed wound area and the reduction in wound volume demonstrated statistically significant differences (P < 0·05). The results of this study indicate that topical application of OSM may have the potential to accelerate healing of diabetic wounds.